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2020-11-06 23:14:08 G باز کردن / نظر دهید

2020-10-22 16:28:22 Despite باز کردن / نظر دهید

2020-10-22 16:27:28 Harbours باز کردن / نظر دهید

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2020-10-22 16:26:58 2.4 billion باز کردن / نظر دهید

2020-10-22 16:26:50 healthcare and education levels have risen. Many countries are English-speaking, which in an English-
language-dominated global economy is an advantage, and the continent has seen economic growth over
most of the past decade.
On the downside, economic growth in many countries is dependent on global prices for minerals and
energy. Countries whose national budgets are predicated on receiving $100 dollars per barrel of oil, for
example, have little to fall back on when prices drop to $80 or $60. Manufacturing output levels are close
to where they were in the 1970s. Corruption remains rampant across the continent, and as well as the few
‘hot’ conflicts (Somalia, Nigeria, Sudan, for example) there are several more that are merely frozen.
Nevertheless, every year more roads and railways are being built connecting this incredibly diverse
space. The vast distances of the oceans and deserts separating Africa from everywhere have been
overcome by air travel, and industrial muscle has created harbours in places nature had not intended
them to be.
In every decade since the 1960s optimists have written about how Africa is on the brink of prevailing
over the hand history and nature have dealt it. Perhaps this time it is true. It needs to be. Sub-Saharan
Africa currently holds 1.1 billion people, by some estimates – by 2050 that may have more than doubled to باز کردن / نظر دهید

2020-10-22 16:26:16 fluence in the Great Lakes region and beyond.
The South African National Defence Force has a brigade in the DRC officially under the command of
the UN, but it was sent there by its political masters to ensure that South Africa is not left out from the
spoils of war in that mineral-rich country. This has brought it into competition with Uganda, Burundi and
Rwanda, which have their own ideas about who should be in charge in the DRC.
The Africa of the past was given no choice – its geography shaped it – and then the Europeans
engineered most of today’s borders. Now, with its booming populations and developing mega-cities, it has
no choice but to embrace the modern globalised world to which it is so connected. In this, despite all the
problems we have seen, it is making huge strides.
The same rivers that hampered trade are now harnessed for hydroelectric power. From the earth that
struggled to sustain large-scale food production come minerals and oil, making some countries rich even
if little of the wealth reaches the people. Nevertheless, in most, but not all, countries poverty has fallen as باز کردن / نظر دهید

2020-10-22 16:26:16 the Chinese workforces often brought in to assist the big projects. This in turn may draw Beijing more into
the local politics, and require it to have some sort of minor military presence in various countries.
South Africa is China’s largest trading partner in Africa. The two countries have a long political and
economic history and are well placed to work together. Hundreds of Chinese companies, both state owned
and private, now operate in Durban, Johannesburg, Pretoria, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth.
South Africa’s economy is ranked second-biggest on the continent behind Nigeria. It is certainly the
powerhouse in the south in terms of its economy (three times the size of Angola’s), military and population
(53 million). South Africa is more developed than many African nations, thanks to its location at the very
southern tip of the continent with access to two oceans, its natural wealth of gold, silver and coal and a
climate and land that allow for large-scale food production.
Because it is located so far south, and the coastal plain quickly rises into high land, South Africa is one
of the very few African countries that do not suffer from the curse of malaria, as mosquitoes find it
difficult to breed there. This allowed the European colonialists to push into its interior much further and
faster than in the malaria-riddled tropics, settle, and begin small-scale industrial activity which grew into
what is now southern Africa’s biggest economy.
For most of Southern Africa, doing business with the outside world means doing business with
Pretoria, Bloemfontein and Cape Town.
South Africa has used its natural wealth and location to tie its neighbours into its transport system,
meaning there is a two-way rail and road conveyer belt stretching from the ports in East London, Cape
Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban stretching north through Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia, Malawi and
Tanzania, reaching even into Katanga Province of the DRC and eastward into Mozambique. The new
Chinese-built railway from Katanga to the Angolan coast has been laid to challenge this dominance and
might take some traffic from the DRC, but South Africa looks destined to maintain its advantages.
During the apartheid years the ANC (African National Congress) backed Angola’s MPLA in its fight
against Portuguese colonisation. However, the passion of a shared struggle is turning into a cooler
relationship now that each party controls its respective country and competes at a regional level. Angola
has a long way to go to catch up with South Africa. This will not be a military confrontation: South Africa’s
dominance is near-total. It has large, well-equipped armed forces comprising about 100,000 personnel,
dozens of fighter jets and attack helicopters, as well as several modern submarines and frigates.
In the days of the British Empire, controlling South Africa meant controlling the Cape of Good Hope
and thus the sea lanes between the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Modern navies can venture much further
out from the southern African coastline if they wish to pass by, but the Cape is still a commanding piece of
real estate on the world map and South Africa is a commanding presence in the whole of the bottom third
of the continent.
There is a new scramble for Africa in this century, but this time it is two-pronged. There are the well-
publicised outside interests, and meddling, in the competition for resources, but there is also the
‘scramble within’, and South Africa intends to scramble fastest and furthest.
It dominates the fifteen-nation Southern African Development Community (SADC) and has managed to
gain a permanent place at the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, of which it is not even
a member. The SADC is rivalled by the East African Community (EAC) comprising Burundi, Kenya,
Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania. The latter is also a member of the SADC and the other EAC members take
a dim view of its flirtation with South Africa. For its part South Africa appears to view Tanzania as its
vehicle for gaining greater in باز کردن / نظر دهید

2020-10-22 16:25:58 $1 million
to sing at his birthday party in 2013, that’s his affair. And if the Mbundu, to which dos Santos belongs,
continue to dominate, that is theirs.
Chinese involvement is an attractive proposition for many African governments. Beijing and the big
Chinese companies don’t ask difficult questions about human rights, they don’t demand economic reform
or even suggest that certain African leaders stop stealing their countries’ wealth as the IMF or World
Bank might. For example, China is Sudan’s biggest trading partner, which goes some way to explaining
why China consistently protects Sudan at the UN Security Council and continued to back its President
Omar al-Bashir even when there was an arrest warrant out for him issued by the International Criminal
Court. Western criticism of this gets short shrift in Beijing, however; it is regarded as simply another
power play aimed at stopping China doing business, and hypocrisy given the West’s history in Africa.
All the Chinese want is the oil, the minerals, the precious metals and the markets. This is an equitable
government-to-government relationship, but we will see increasing tension between local populations and باز کردن / نظر دهید

2020-10-22 16:25:58 This sorry history of domestic and foreign exploitation continues in the twenty-first century.
As we’ve seen, the Chinese are everywhere, they mean business and they are now every bit as involved
across the continent as the Europeans and Americans. About a third of China’s oil imports come from
Africa, which – along with the precious metals to be found in many African countries – means they have
arrived, and will stay. European and American oil companies and big multinationals are still far more
heavily involved in Africa, but China is quickly catching up. For example, in Liberia it is seeking iron ore,
in the DRC and Zambia it’s mining copper and, also in the DRC, cobalt. It has already helped to develop
the Kenyan port of Mombasa and is now embarking on more huge projects just as Kenya’s oil assets are
beginning to become commercially viable.
China’s state-owned China Road and Bridge Corporation is building a $14 billion rail project to connect
Mombasa to the capital city of Nairobi. Analysts say the time taken for goods to travel between the two
cities will be reduced from thirty-six hours to eight hours, with a corresponding cut of 60 per cent in
transport costs. There are even plans to link Nairobi up to South Sudan, and across to Uganda and
Rwanda. Kenya intends, with Chinese help, to be the economic powerhouse of the eastern seaboard.
Over the southern border Tanzania is trying a rival bid to become East Africa’s leader and has
concluded billions of dollars’ worth of deals with the Chinese on infrastructure projects. It has also signed
a joint agreement with China and an Omani construction company to overhaul and extend the port of
Bagamoyo, as the main port in Dar es Salaam is severely congested. It is planned that Bagamoyo will be
able to handle 20 million cargo containers a year, which will make it the biggest port in Africa. Tanzania
also has good transport links in the ‘Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania’ and is connecting
down into the fifteen-nation Southern African Development Community. This in turn links into the North–
South Corridor, which connects the port of Durban to the copper regions of the DRC and Zambia with
spurs linking the port of Dar es Salaam to Durban and Malawi.
Despite this, Tanzania looks as if it will be the second-tier power along the east coast. Kenya’s economy
is the powerhouse in the five-nation East African Community, accounting for about 40 per cent of the
region’s GDP. It may have less arable land than Tanzania, but it uses what it has much more efficiently. Its
industrial system is also more efficient, as is its system of getting goods to market – both domestic and
international. If it can maintain political stability it looks destined to remain the dominant regional power
in the near to medium term.
China’s presence also stretches into Niger, with the Chinese National Petroleum Corporation investing
in the small oilfield in the Ténéré fields in the centre of the country. And Chinese investment in Angola
over the past decade exceeds $8 billion and is growing every year. The Chinese Railway Engineering
Corporation (CREC) has already spent almost $2 billion modernising the Benguela railway line which links
the DRC to the Angolan port of Lobito on the Atlantic coast 800 miles away. This way come the cobalt,
copper and manganese with which Katanga Province in the DRC is cursed and blessed.
In Luanda CREC is constructing a new international airport, and around the capital huge apartment
blocks built to the Chinese model have sprung up to house some of the estimated 150,000–200,000
Chinese workers now in the country. Thousands of these workers are also trained in military skills and
could provide a ready-made militia if China so required.
What Beijing wants in Angola is what it wants everywhere: the materials with which to make its
products, and political stability to ensure the flow of those materials and products. So if President José
Eduardo dos Santos, who has been in charge for thirty-six years, decided to pay Mariah Carey باز کردن / نظر دهید