Criminology Criminology is the general title of a group of r | متون حقوقی

Criminology
Criminology is the general title of a group of related topics: the study and explanation of lawlessness; Formal and informal methods of societies dealing with lawlessness (criminal); And the characteristics and needs of victims of lawlessness (victimology). The slang use of the term by novelists and journalists, which means finding and examining evidence that may lead to the conviction or acquittal of suspects (scientific scientific experiments or forensic science), is completely incorrect.
The study of criminals and their behavior is currently the work of psychologists and sociologists. In the past, psychiatrists such as Cesare Lambroso and Henry Modsley, and psychoanalysts such as Edward Glover, have written about antisocial behavior as if it could always or usually be attributed to innate or acquired personality disorders. Today, the wise psychiatrist limits his generalizations to only criminals with disorders with clear and infallible complications. Such people are just a small minority, even when "antisocial personality disorders" are considered.
Natural history
Early attempts to explain lawlessness were accompanied by a neglect of the "natural history" of these behaviors - the realities of criminal life. Some nineteenth-century scholars, especially Henry Meyhew (1851-62), described the violence and deception of the urban poor with all realism. But the anti-social behavior of the upper classes was left to the novelists and reporters of the courts. It was not until the twentieth century that criminologists, especially Sutherland (1937), were able to provide more accurate and comprehensive descriptions of criminals' lifestyles, and middle-class publishers discovered a good market for the memories of educated criminals (see, for example, Curtis, 1973). ). These descriptions were not free of bias and distortion, but gave real flesh and blood to ideals in which nothing more than age, past crimes, and sometimes the official occupations of criminals were reported.
Explanation
As a result of the above developments, a more mature approach to crime explanation emerged. The pandemic and variety of law-breaking were gradually acknowledged. A number of sociologists and psychoanalysts have resorted to "general theories" to explain all crimes and even perversions (crime and perversion); But proponents of the natural history approach knew that these general theories were as futile as providing a single explanation for all "diseases." Even very specific types of offenses, such as shoplifting or infanticide, were committed by people with completely different personalities, different lifestyles, and most importantly, different motives. They also knew that it was one thing to explain the high (or low) prevalence of certain types of abuse in a particular country, culture, region, or school, and to explain why people tend to engage in delinquent behavior. In addition, explaining one's tendency to transgression is logically and scientifically different from explaining a single, recurring offense; in such cases, "narrative explanation" seems to make more sense (Walker, 1977).
Positivism has also had a huge and valuable contribution, although sometimes this contribution has had a negative and negative aspect. Researchers have found statistical relationships between lawbreaking (or, more accurately, a history of violent or fraudulent offenses) and a host of other variables: gender, age, parental crime, parental differences, place of residence, intelligence, academic achievement, unemployment, status Employment, religious and ethnic affiliations, body shape, alcohol or drug use, membership in gangs and, in the case of violent crimes, even hot weather. Of course, some of these variables, such as illiteracy and dropout, may be the cause, not the cause. However, these statistical relationships are rarely significant (only with the exception of gender).