Even when these variables are combined mathematically, the max | متون حقوقی

Even when these variables are combined mathematically, the maximum result is that the probability of members of each category committing a violation can be distinguished. For example, a girl with a favorable family life, a good education, and a clerical job is much less likely to commit a crime than a boy who divorces his parents, with a low education, and a temporary job. Here we have a puzzle to explain, some parts of which are missing. There are many people who are subject to the law throughout their lives with the same conditions, and to clarify this, we only need to consider the life history of more individuals.
Some criminologists prefer the "situational" approach. In this approach, the main determinant is considered to be situations in which opportunities arise that are accompanied by the temptation of the offense or stimulate the motivations to commit the offense. It is assumed that the vast majority of people, if they are sure that they will not be punished, will take advantage of the opportunities that arise for - for example, theft. People differ in the things that tempt them and in the certainty that they are likely to be condemned; But wherever there is an attractive and deceptive "target", it will be hit sooner or later. There can be no denying the existence of those who have strong moral deterrents, but when we look at the prevalence of deceptive transgressions and all kinds of deceptions, we cannot pay much attention to these moral principles. This view, like most of the new achievements in the field, is accompanied by exaggeration and exaggeration; But as we will see in the section on prevention, it is not without value (see, for example, Laycock and Heal, 1986).
Cypriotism
In this branch of criminology, they deal mainly with formal and administrative methods of dealing with identified offenders, which include: the death penalty, deportation, imprisonment, fines, education and forced labor, and other non-criminal measures; Some criminologists are also interested in informal public reactions such as defamation and rejection. Among the achievements of criminological research are the following findings: The death penalty is less than "life imprisonment" (ie long and indefinite imprisonment) leads to the pursuit of murder; Deterrent punishments are not very effective when there is little prosecution; Offenders who accept corrective measures are in the minority and cannot be easily identified at the sentencing stage. Offenders who have long been in prison or hospital to support others are not in fact dangerous individuals and can be released under surveillance. Criminologists also deal with the unintended consequences of methods such as imprisonment and have corrected some exaggerations, such as the psychological effects and consequences of these methods. The debate over the reasons for punishment or the scope of the powers of criminal law is more in the realm of philosophy of ethics than criminology, but those who enter into these debates should be familiar with criminology.
prevention
Although detention is strictly one of the types of crime prevention efforts (and is classified as such in continental Europe), in Anglo-American criminology prevention usually means paying attention to potential goals. It is a crime, not potential offenders that are more difficult to identify. The situation approach described earlier, as well as some disappointing findings about the effectiveness of offenders' approach, suggest that more resources should be devoted to vulnerable targets. These vulnerable targets may be individuals or assets or even the "environment". To reduce the vulnerability of people, they can be made aware of the dangers of being in certain places and times and being careful when associating with strangers. Women can be advised not to carry handbags. In some countries, citizens can be armed with small pistols; However, the consequences of such practices are probably more harmful than not being armed.