Daily English Podcasts

2022-08-29 09:34:02 روز هفتم از ۳۰ روز تمرین reading
متن زیر را بخوانید و به سوالاتی که در ادامه می‌ذاریم پاسخ بدید.
سطح متن: آپراینترمیدیت، پیشرفته
Understanding the origins of humankind has fascinated scientists for centuries. We know that our ancestors split from those of the chimpanzee (our closest biological relative) between 4 million and 8 million years ago. Evidence from fossil bones indicates that these early ancestors spread out from Africa to other parts of the world in multiple waves beginning at least 1 million years ago. By about 100,000 years ago, modem humans (Homo sapiens) had developed in Africa, and by about 40,000 years ago, they had reached Europe. They also began to have a growing presence on other continents. An interesting question in humankind's development is, when did we begin to think critically? In other words, when did we tum from animals focused only on the daily struggle to avoid starvation to humans who could think symbolically about the world around us? However, answering this question is not easy, as thinking leaves no fossils to discover. A commonsense assumption is that higher levels of thought go hand-in-hand with verbal language, because higher thinking, such as creative thought, would naturally seek a means of expression. So tracing the development of language could give an approximate idea of when humans began to think critically. Interestingly, we do have some fossil evidence related to speech. Animals whose larynx (voice box) is placed high in their throats are unable to produce the variety of sounds necessary for speech. Fossil bones tell us that in early humans, the larynx was originally high in the throat. However, by about 200,000 years ago, it had moved lower in the throat. This lowering provided a larger sound chamber (the space in the throat and the mouth) in which passing air could be controlled by the tongue, making the articulation of a wide range of sounds and rhythms possible. (Most languages use between twenty-five and thirty sounds; English uses more than forty.) So humans were physically able to speak around 200,000 years ago, but when did they actually start doing so? Estimates range from 35,000 to 100,000 years ago. But with no physical evidence of ancient language use, we need another approach to determine more precisely when humans began to speak and to think critically.

ادامه این متن فردا قرار داده میشه، برای امروز به سوالات این بخش جواب میدیم.

From Focus on Vocabulary book
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2022-08-28 10:10:45 باز کردن / نظر دهید

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2022-08-28 09:01:11 روز ششم از ۳۰ روز تمرین reading
متن زیر را بخوانید و به سوالاتی که در ادامه می‌ذاریم پاسخ بدید.
سطح متن: آپراینترمیدیت، پیشرفته
Bhutan's decision to make its citizens' happiness a priority seems to have had positive results. Even though it ranks quite low in personal income (124th in the world), it ranks much higher in happiness ratings. A 2005 survey revealed that nearly all Bhutanese reported being either very happy (45 percent) or happy (52 percent), while only 3 percent reported being unhappy. In 2006, Business Week magazine ranked Bhutan as the 8th happiest country in the world, and the happiest in Asia. This is far better than many countries with vastly greater wealth, such as the United States (23rd), the United Kingdom (41st), France (62nd), and Japan (90th). Furthermore, this happiness appears not to have come at the expense of the environment. The Happy Planet Index, a combined measure of human well-being and the environmental cost of supporting that well-being, ranked Bhutan 17th out of 143 countries. This shows that supporting its happiness does not require spoiling its natural resources. So how has Bhutan has been able to pursue its unusual GNH? Because it is a small, rural country in the Himalayan Mountains, it is able to sustain traditions at the same time it is developing. For example, people entering hospitals with no acute health problems can choose between Western or traditional medicine. However, modern technology, such as TV, video shops, and the Internet, is now becoming more common in the country. This creates challenges for a GNH approach, which has found success by prioritizing national identity and culture. On the one hand, such technological exposure might let in outside values and vices. For example, it might raise expectations for material goods from outside Bhutan that are not readily available. On the other hand, the Internet and e-mail would undoubtedly offer better communication in a country where mountainous terrain makes travel difficult. It will be interesting to see how Bhutan tackles the problems of integrating with the wider world while also pursuing its unique "happiness" approach to government. It is certainly a social experiment that we all hope will flourish as an example of an alternative vision of what is important in life.

From Focus on Vocabulary book
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2022-08-27 09:13:06 باز کردن / نظر دهید

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